Cash and Stock Control Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cash and Stock Control - Research Paper Example Product descriptions taken New Item Data entry form for entering New items taken in from suppliers Products table using VLOOKUP function Update Stock Update the stock levels of products procured in the "Product Table" Print Print preview of sheet Deliveries Data base of Main Page Return to Main Page Customers containing their names and addresses Add Customer Data form for entering customer data Sales invoice Table of up to 5 Main Page Return to Main Page products sold to a customer (using VLOOKUP function) Add item Data form for entering products sold (Product ID and Quantity), other data are given by the VLOOKUP function Update Stock Update the stock levels of products procured in the "Product Table" Print Print preview of sheet B. Print outs of various screens and tables 1. Main Page 2. Product Table 2.a. Sort by Product ID 2.b. Sort by Product Type 2.c. Re-Order List 2.d. Print preview of Product Table 2.e. Add new product 3. Order form 4. Goods In 5. Deliveries 6. Sales Invoice 6.a. Sales Invoice Screen before Updating Sock 6. b. Product Table before Updating Stock The second row of data (product ID 0002) is one of the stocks affected by the update from sales invoice table. Before the update its stock is at 23, 2 below the re-order level of 25, re-order stock is 2, invoice is 1, and Re-order value is 190. 6. c. Product Table after Update After the update, the stock volume is reduced by 1, re-order stock is 3 and its re-order value increased to 285. C. User Manual You should have at least MS Excel 2003 installed in your computer with the security level reduced to low level, or else the macros are disabled and cannot operate at higher security levels. You should also have an antivirus program installed in your... You should have at least MS Excel 2003 installed in your computer with the security level reduced to low level, or else the macros are disabled and cannot operate at higher security levels. You should also have an antivirus program installed in your computer. A print button is included in all sheets so you can preview or have hard copy of the transaction made. A VLookup function (vertical look-up function) is used on the product table to help "automate" the entry of product type and descriptions in the other sheets, so the user may not need to re-enter these information. Data can be entered directly on the spreadsheet or by using the data form entry button provided.

Environment, Resources, and Competition Report Essay - 1

Environment, Resources, and Competition Report - Essay Example The evolution of species, for instance of Golden Lion Tamarin, has been in such a way that their tails grow up to a certain length that gives them balance while moving through rainforest canopy (Hammond, 2010). Rain forests hold so much importance for life on earth that they are simply indispensable; they contribute almost 28% of the earth’s oxygen (Nishu, n.d.). They are warm and wet, and the majority of them are direct ‘beneficiaries’ of monsoon trough. They are spread across the tropic line, so a huge portion is in Africa and South America while the rest is in Asia. Some rainforests are called temperate forests, which are very few in comparison with the usual rainforests. Some examples of these forests are in North America, Ireland and Scotland. Of all biotic species, 40%-75% are indigenous to rainforests. Mammals, reptiles, birds and invertebrates are huge in their variations and almost innumerable in quantity (taking into account the insects). Chameleon, turt le and snakes are found in great numbers here because of the natural habitat that these forests provide. Rapid bacterial decay thwarts the buildup of humus. Due to the thickness of forests every tree that grows needs to growth taller and thicker than the others to reach the precious sunlight. Animals depend on the environment that rainforests provide. Birds and monkeys in particular that live on tall trees and provide useful nutrition and then the predators come to feed off other species, birds of prey would come to feed on other birds and rodents, while the muddy waters are heaven for reptiles like frogs, snakes, lizards and insects. What is really amazing is that high temperature (within limit and context) doesn’t necessarily mean absence of vegetation. For instance the deserts reach a maximum of 40 degree Celsius which is barren land, almost no vegetation while tropical rainforests are full of lush green leaves, however they too reach a temperature of above 30 degree Celsi us. What I think the reason is that there is a huge temperature difference between its maximum and minimum average temperatures while tropical rainforests don’t have that chasm in temperature difference. Deserts like Savanna and extreme cold climates such as of Tundra, both have very little or no precipitation, and that shows in their vegetation. Temperate grasslands get an average precipitation of 25-75 cm and the vegetation there is quite normal for human survival. Tropical rainforests get the most amount of precipitation 200-400 cm, couple this with the small temperature chasm and there is a huge land mass on earth that gives life to earth, provides oxygen, vegetation, animals, herbs/medicine and provides strongholds of land masses that don’t simply wash away into rivers because the roots of trees holds together the land. From the data, it is obvious that the prey is independent and the predators depend on them. As the prey’s number rises, so does the predato rs’. In fact the line graph of the predators looks like shadowing the prey’s. High numbers of predators invites them to a feeding frenzy and that reduces the number of prey. When there isn’t much food available for the predators, they start to decrease in number too. There is a gradual delay in response of the predator’s to the increase or decrease of the prey’s; there is a consistent buildup of prey and then it shoots up as there aren’

The rapid evolution of rock music

The rapid evolution of rock music Rock Music its Rapid Evolution Introduction Music has been with man since the dawn of time. Every beat or sound can some way be considered as a form of music. Dating back to early man music could have been something as simple as the soothing sound of a waterfall or a tree swaying with the wind or a wild animal running through a forest. Today music is so diversified and so engrained in our lives that practically every child or teenager even an adult has a vast list of songs that they might listen to on their mp3 players. There are many varied branches of music existing today. These branches have now expanded to encompass everything from the tribal beats to anything that comes out of a synthesizer. And although we find music in many forms today, Im sure the purists would disagree with what the youth of today call great music. Now-a-days it seems the search is on for the â€Å"in music†. Music thats making everybody feel good now and which is discarded in a heartbeat once something better comes along. So what is it that has made rock music go so steady all these years? The reason why I have chosen Rock music for my seminar paper topic is that, I truly am very passionate about this genre of music. Rock Music or Rock as it is so called is vastly misunderstood by people, most of whom simply associate it with negative stereotypes like drug addiction, alcoholism, violence, sexual abuse, demonic control and other vices. One cannot blame people for having such misconceptions about Rock since over the years many of the famous Rock artists have come to be known mainly for their drug addiction and other outrageous behaviour under the influence of alcohol and chemical substances. However it is important to understand that one must separate the artist from his music and not pass unnecessary judgment on the music just based on the vices of the artist. Another misconception is that rock is only drums and guitar, when that is only the public face of Rock. There is a host of other instruments that are key elements to rock music as a whole, other than just guitar and percussion. Rock Music History Origins I would now like to begin with the History of Rock music. Where did it originate? What are its roots? How has it evolved along the years? What is the scenario at present? There are several views as to where exactly the Rock genre got up and going. And many believe that Rock originated in the west with the dawn of Rock Roll by Elvis Presley. However that is far from the case. It all started off during the post-war urbanization of America. The popular music of the late 1940s included country music, folk music, the blues, rhythm and blues (known as RB), jazz and classical music. Basically rock music hails from a blend of various popular music genres at that time in the United States of America. Rock music started off in the late 1940s when people wanted to move out from the slow beat jazz music and the slow electrified blues music to a much faster beat rhythm filled tune at that time. The rock sound is believed to have primarily originated with the guitar. It is believed that the existing guitar tunes used in blues music was soon blending in with other forms of music like jazz, classical music, folk music and other popular forms of music existing back then. All this led to the birth of Rock music as a separate genre of music which back then came to be known as Rock n Roll towards the early 1950s. Around that time i.e. the late 1940s to the early 1950s Rhythm and Blues (RB) musicians mainly concentrated on the black audience. However later onwards musicians started playing for a multi-racial audience. These musicians also targeted the newer forms or blends of music towards this audience. Later on these same fast beat blends of RB and the blues etc came to be coined as ‘Rock n Roll. â€Å"It is believed that in 1951 in a town in Cleveland, Ohio in USA a musician by the name of Alan Freed is said to have began playing a new form of RB music for a multi-racial audience is believed to have first used the phrase ‘Rock ‘N Roll to describe his music.† Source: Icons of Rock Scott Schinder with Andy Schwartz Encyclopaedia Britannica Rock Music. Rock Music Evolution Rock music is believed to be one of those genres of music that has evolved very rapidly over the past 50 to 60 years. Its rapid evolution has been witnessed mainly over the last 50 years. It all started with good old Rock n Roll in the 1950s. This later evolved in the 1960s which was considered as a Golden Era for Rock music. Rock took a totally different turn with the British invasion of rock by the Beatles. This was later followed by what came to be known as Surf music in America which was a mix of the catchy rock n roll n the hip and happening Beatles music. The Beatles music also led to a new form of music that was called as the hippy and psychedelic rock music. In the 1970s which came to be known as the memorable years evolved different forms of rock music such as Hard Rock, Punk Rock also Pop Rock. The 1980s witnessed a change in the band members hair styles. This era also was famous for what was called as hair bands. It included styles of rock such as punk rock funk rock. It led to the evolution of Heavy Metal. Bands used to wear tight leather pants and sported insane long hairdos. The 1990s showed a completely new and insane evolution of rock. It gave newer forms of rock such as Grunge Rock Alternative Rock. It gave the revolutionary guitar distortion feedback. Many of the genres from the 1950s onwards till the 1999s are still well known today. Most of the bands in those eras are still popular today. Many of todays bands still play the different styles of rock music. Some of them even make remakes of those songs using modern day styles and instruments. The later half of 2000 also witness something that very well came to be known as fusion music. It involved bringing together classical music (Western or Indian) and blending it in with modern day rock music. This style today is very popular especially in our country among our Indian youth that have blended the Indian classical instruments very smoothly with instruments like the guitar, keyboard, percussion, etc. The 1950s The 1950s gave rise to the Youth culture. It faced problems such as racial tensions the advent of the Cold War. This first saw the advent of Rock n Roll with great artists like Chuck Berry, Elvis Presley, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis, The Shadows, Buddy Holly, Bo Diddley, Bill Haley the Comets, Gene Vincent, the Everly Brothers, and Carl Perkins, among many others. These were considered to be the first wave of Rock n Rollers. Rock and roll in its earliest stage could have been described as just blues with a few electric guitar tunes attached to it. In its purest form, Rock Roll was as simple as three chords, a strong yet insistent guitar back beat, and a catchy melody. Early rock roll was drawn from sources primarily including blues, RB, and country, but also gospel, traditional pop, jazz, and folk. These genres were combined together in a simple, blues-based song structure that was fast, danceable, and catchy. Rockabilly emerged in the mid1950s. It is simply a mix of rock and roll, country music, blues, and a little jazz too. It was a fundamental music genre of the 50s. The fathers or founders of Rock n Roll came t be known as Bill Haley, Elvis Presley, Little Richard Chuck Berry. Their music revolutionized the music industry and later gave way to new forms of rock music in the decades to follow. Even in todays times their music is still very popular. Rockabilly was popularized by white singers like Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins Jerry Lee Lewis who mainly concentrated on the country roots of the music. The Popular hits recorded around that time were Thats All Right (Mama) Elvis Presley, Heartbreak Hotel Elvis Presley, Rock Around the Clock Bill Haley the Comets, Folsom Prison Blues Johnny Cash, Blue Suede Shoes Carl Perkins. Another popular form of Rock n Roll in the 1950s was called the ‘Doo Wop. It emphasized on multi-part vocal harmonies and meaningless backing lyrics supported with light instrumentation. Its origins were African American vocal groups like the Inkspots the Mill Brothers. Famous bands of this form of music were The Orioles, The Ravens and The Clovers, that used a strong element of traditional gospel music in their songs. The great hits included â€Å"The Great Pretender† The Platters, â€Å"Yakety Yak† The Coasters â€Å"Yes Sir, Thats my Baby† The Clovers along with many others. Later on during the 1950s Elvis Presley came to be known as the King of Rock n Roll. Even today he is still remembered as ‘The King. The decline of Rock n Roll was witnessed during the early 1960s with the death of famous musicians like Buddy Holy and Richie Valens in a plane crash; the departure of Elvis Presley for the army, the retirement of Little Richard to become a preacher, prosecutions of Jerry Lee Lewis and Chuck Berry and the breaking of the payola scandal. All of the above incidents gave a sensation that the rock and roll era has come to an end. However during its decline rock n roll witnessed a feminine side with an introduction of love ballads targeted to a female audience the rise of girl groups like The Crystals and The Shirelles. All the events that occurred in the 1950s eventually led to what came to be known as Surf Music, Garage Rock the Twist dance craze. However the major event that was a hit in the 1960s was that of the rise of British Rock n Roll with the emergence of The Beatles which was greatly influenced by the Americas 1950s Rock n Roll. The 1960s The 1960s witnessed many events like that of the Vietnam War, Civil Rights War, Surf Music, Hippie culture, The San Francisco Scene, The Music of Protests the birth of Heavy Metal. Similarly Rock n Roll in the 1960s went through 4 phases or parts. These parts are as follows: Part I The Beatles The British Invasion Part II Motown Music Part III Classic Rock: The Sounds of the 1960s Part IV Message Music Before 1963 i.e. 1961 onwards America witnessed the rise of Surf Music a form of Rock n Roll. This music was pioneered by Duane Eddy, Link Wray, and The Ventures that added distinctive wet reverb style rapid alternate picking to the music. One of the famous hits was Lets Go Trippin in 1961 and this launched the surf music craze. The all time favourite band of this era is The Beach Boys. Part I The Beatles The British Invasion During this decade i.e. post 1963 America along with the rest of the world witnessed what came to be known only as ‘The British Invasion. During the 1960s the most well know and world renowned band of the British invasion was the one and only Beatles. The Beatles till today are considered to be the all time success stories of the 1960s. The main reason why the Beatles are considered one of the best and most influential rock bands of all time is the because they took what Elvis and other Rock n Roll artists created in the 1950s and transformed it into a whole new different thing. Hence this era is known as one that gave birth to a new age of Rock. The Beatlemania had begun with its first single hit song in 1962 â€Å"Love Me Do† in Great Britain. Along with the Rock n Roll of the 1950s the Beatles popularized new genres of rock music ranging from ranging from folk rock to psychedelic pop. The Beatles were so influential during the 1960s that their progressive ideals were considered to be social cultural revolutions. Other great hits of the Beatles include â€Å"I Wanna Hold Your Hand† which sold 2.6 million copies in the United States in just two weeks. The Beatles came out with many hits during this era such as â€Å"She Loves You†, â€Å"Please Please Me†, etc. Other emerging bands in this era included The Dave Clark Five, The Kinks The Rolling Stones. The Rolling Stones greatest hit during this period was â€Å"Honky Tonk Woman† Part II Motown Music Motown was a Detroit based record company that was founded by Berry Gordy who was a one-time assembly line worker at Ford Motors. It became the most successful black owned record company by 1963. Motown had a number of vocal groups, songwriters musicians. The music recorded was known for its tight orchestrations and catchy lyrics. The music was based on the injustice to the black community during the Civil War. The Motown greats were The Temptations, The Four Tops, Martha Reeves the Vandellas and Diana Ross The Supremes. Part III Classic Rock: The Sounds of the 1960s This era witnessed what was known as the Hippe culture. Their main chant was ‘Make Love Not War. Peace was their underlying theme. The Beatles is one of the famous bands that transitioned during this phase in terms of their look and music. Other artist that came to existence were Jefferson Airplane, Grace Slick, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, The Doors, Steppenwolf, Simon Garfunkel, Mamas and the Pappas and Lovin Spoonful. The famous concert of this era was The Woodstock. This was a concert for promoting peace, love brotherhood. Artists like Jimi Hendrix rocked the concert. Part IV Message Music Most themes found in rock and roll during this era dealt with love and relationships gone wrong. It followed the war on Vietnam the various protests being undertaken. The music was an attempt to reflect upon the events occurring at that time like the civil rights movement, the growing unrest over the war in Vietnam, and the rise of feminism. The message within the song focused on peace. Many songs received substantial airplay and became anthems at concerts, rallies, and demonstrations. The Message through Folk Music The Message through Rock Music The most well known artists to emerge from the folk tradition include Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, Phil Ochs, and the trio known as Peter, Paul, and Mary. In 1965, an artist, Barry McGuire hit the charts with a song that reflected the growing turmoil in the world. Other popular hippy and psychedelic bands such as Pink Floyd, The Who, The Rolling Stones, The Yardbirds, the Grateful Dead, Jimi Hendrix, Cream, and others began to rule the world. These bands gave rise to the counterculture movement, trendsetters, with their drug induced lyrics and hypnotic melodies. Other genres of rock began to emerge such as progressive rock which is experimenting with other instruments other than guitar, bass and drums. This was popularized by Pink Floyd. Folk rock was popularized by Bob Dylan and Janis Joplin. The 1960s ultimately gave birth to heavy metal which is a thick, heavy, and highly amplified genre of rock mainly popularized by Black Sabbath. The world was just now beginning to witness the tremendous power impact rock really had on society. The 1970s In the 1970s the Vietnam War had ended, the protests stopped people began to settle down. Along with that, the music too did settle down. The world witnessed the split of the Beatles also the death of John Lennon. The 70s rock music brought different cultures and audiences closer together than ever before. Rock music began to branch out into new genres like Hard Rock, Heavy Metal Punk Rock. Led Zeppelin became extremely popular with its perfect blend of Hard Rock Blues music that they could call its own. In this era bands and artists such as David Bowie, Yes, The Eagles, and Queen became very influential. Towards the late 70s the world also witnessed the rise of Punk Rock. The founding fathers of punk were The Ramones. They combined anarchism and teenage rage with rock and roll and this came to be known as Punk Rock. Other bands such as The Sex Pistols and The Clash helped popularize and redefine punk rock. This new, powerful and intense genre of music influenced many bands of the future. The 1980s And then came the 1980s. Rock Music revolutionized itself in a way that everyone wanted to be part of the upcoming scene. The music took a different turn, more in terms of punk rock, new wave, heartland rock and alternative rock. Most people would think of the 80s as all about big hairdos and androgyny. The gay activists took to in a big way in this decade. People started embracing the opposite sex and everyone had colour in everything they did or wore. This inspired the rock music scene greatly. The eighties saw everything from enthusiasm to neon pink socks, worn by men. Creativity was expressed so greatly in the 1980s and artists wore their individuality with pride. The 1980s music scene is possibly considered as one of the strangest times in the evolution of rock music. Music artists were doing everything, a mix of bubblegum pop, sentimental forever ballads to thumping electric beats and even the hardest rock metal. This decade practically saw it all. Artist such as Bruce Springsteen, Guns and Roses, Van Halen, AC/DC, Aerosmith, Iron Maiden, Metallica, Bon Jovi, and Motley Crue can best be remembered for their power ballads and great guitar solos. A new genre of music called as ‘New wave also emerged from punk, funk, and disco. It was made popular by artists such as Divo, The B-52s, Talking Heads, and Blondie. Indie rock or Alternative rock as it is well known began to emerge in the late 1980s with artists such as U2, R.E.M., The Cure, The Smiths, and Sonic Youth were very popular with college students. Punk also became more popular with bands such as Black Flag and the Dead Kennedys. This was also the time of producers. Theyre importance grew and artists took notice that a good producer could take their records to the market. Then came the advent of having soundtracks in movies. Record companies realized the economics in placing a song in a movie, the response was tremendous. Regardless of the variety, the music is the eighties was a big hit, it still is. And thats because the music spoke the minds of the people, it made no apologies, one could identify with a slow ballad by Phil Collins in the afternoon and put up their black leather jacket, rocking to Iron Maiden by night time, you dint have to apologize to anyone. Freedom of expression, experimenting and lyrics became an integral part of the eighties. And that is precisely the reason why the eighties they say will never die. The 1990s The early 90s was known as the era of grunge and alternative rock. Nirvana came to be known as the most popular grunge band of the 90s. Grunge music can be described as dirty guitar, strong guitar riffs with distortion and feedback. It consisted of dark lyrics and expressed teenage angst. Popular grunge and alternative bands were Pearl Jam, Nirvana, Janes Addiction and Alice in Chains. A more iconic scene was that of the emergence of female artists. Women were becoming much less dependent on men, and less oriented towards having a family-based future. They were daughters of women who fought for equal rights and they expressed it- in the form of words and notes. The magazine, Billboard brought about the commercial success of the music industry. It changed the way it ranked singles and albums of artists by tallying actual sales at retail stores instead of using the industry-manipulated word of mouth. Rock suddenly beat pop in terms of sales, and minority genres such as country and hip-hop began to enter the charts. This led the industry to invest more in these minority genres. The 1990s proved that music was for the listener and that the idea behind music was to view the artist as a whole, his production, his team, his lyrics, his image, his music video and his personality. Everyone had a favorite type of music and a favorite genre, a favorite artist and a favorite album. You couldnt help it- there were so many choices by this time. 2000 Present Alternative rock even today is one of the popular and broadest genre of rock music. Emo, is a new sub genre of rock that consists of intense emotional lyrics with hardcore punk roots. It was popularized by bands like From First to Last, The Used, Brand New and softer bands such as Dashboard Confessional and Bright Eyes which can also be described as indie. The word indie actually stands for independent and refers to bands that are part of an independent record label. However, today indie has a whole new meaning. Indie can be described as mainly underground and softer version of alternative rock. Popular indie bands include Death Cab for Cutie, The Strokes, Elliott Smith, The Decemberists, The Arcade Fire, The Postal Service a few others. Heavy metal has now reached an extremely new level. Sub-genres of heavy metal like black metal, death metal and thrash metal which is very loud, aggressive and fast entered the industry. Popular hardcore metal bands include Slipknot, As I Lay Dying, Korn, Norma Jean and Cannibal Corpse. Alternative rock has now become an all time hit with bands such as Incubus, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Chevelle, Coldplay, and the Foo Fighters. Pop rock is another popular genre. It is rock mixed with a more mainstream approach and popular lyrics. Pop rock bands include Fall Out Boy, All-American Rejects, Ashlee Simpson, Avril Lavigne, and others. Another form of music that came about was the rap rock. They symbolized the fusion of the raw, street music and hard rock pelting beats. It was an instant hit with the fans of both the genres. Examples of such were Linkin Park, Limp Bizkit, Faith no More, Rage Against the Machine, etc Rock Music in the Indian Scenario Rock music caught on in India during the mid 70s. I remember hearing stories of my father and his brothers in small time bands playing the good oldies like Elvis Presley, The Carpenters, The Beatles, The Shadows, Bob Dylan and other artists on their guitars. These were many such small groups which were mainly Catholics that played all the dance numbers mainly for weddings the Christmas dance. These were the jive the twist numbers that people used to love to dance to back in the day. Towards the 80s artists like Led Zeppelin, Dire Straits Jethro Tull became quiet popular. People used to purchase these music cassettes and listen to this kind of music on their audio cassette players Sony Walkman. That however was a very long time ago. Things soon changed with the Gulf War of 1991 opening the gates to media in India. MTV was one of the channels that were beamed, along with CNN. Apart from Pop music what caught on quickly was rock. However, as an audience, the numbers in India were still minimal. It was only bands like Def Leppard, Bon Jovi and U2 that caught the fancy of many people. To a large extent, rock began and ended with Deep Purples Highway Star. The love for rock only meant name-dropping and wanting to sound fashionably rebellious. All that changed quickly changed to from the year 2000 onwards. Hard rock quickly caught on along with its counterpart Heavy Metal and is literally worshipped in many engineering colleges all over India. Many groups have been formed in various areas where the rock scene is still alive. These include Goa, Bangalore, Mumbai, Pune Delhi. Many popular India bands hail from these areas and have composed pretty famous hits that are well known to the Indian Rockers. Many engineering colleges still pay tribute to Rock by hosting Rock shows where fans from various parts of the country rush to gather head bang in harmony. The first rock band in India to become famous was Indus Creed. Famous Indian rock bands of today include bands like Zero, Pentagram, Parikrama, Them Clones and various others. One happening rock shows of Mumbai used to be the Independence Rock gig at Rang Bhavan popularly known as I-Rock which used to be packed and crowded as it was very popular and had bands playing from all over the country. Off late the popularity of i-rock has died down due to the change in date and venue due to certain restrictions. Another new genre of rock music that has probably evolved in India is Fusion rock which involves blending Indian classical instruments with that of the electric guitar, keyboard drums. This is something that is definitely coming up in the country with rock songs in Hindi rather than English and even in Hinglish. I still feel that there is very poor liberalization for Rock music in our country but as time passes by things will definitely seem to be getting better. One evident fact is Channel Vs ‘Launch Pad that takes place every year that hunts to find the Countries most popular and best Rock band. Along with Channel V, MTV has also started something called as Rock on Desi Beats that hunts for fusion rock bands of the country and popularizes the best. Another evident fact that rock music is catching up quickly was the launch of the movie ‘Rock On directed by starring Farhan Akhtar. Conclusion Hence I strongly believe that Rock music with its legendary History can never die out. It will always be a part of culture and will always be know as that which shapes culture strongly affects society. It is finally meant for people to understand that Rock is just about the music and the passion it drives in the youth. It should not be stereotyped with drug abuse alcoholism other vices. For this to happen it is the people that must change their ways and also it is essential for the famous artists to set a better example as they owe it to their fans as much as they owe it to the music. Another important factor is that although opportunities in the country for Rock music are very low it is extremely tough to become big, society must encourage the youngsters that have a passion for this music. Bibliography Internet References * http://www.warr.org/roots.html (Wilson and Alroys Record Reviews) * http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade60.html (American Culture History) * http://www.spinner.com/2009/09/30/70s-music/ * http://www.cracked.com/article_15636_the-10-most-terrifyingly-inspirational-80s-songs.html * http://www.scaruffi.com/ (Rock Music Resources) * http://www.allmusic.com/ (Articles on various Artists) * http://www.britannica.com/ (Encyclopedia Britannica) * http://www.encyclopedia.com/ * http://www.mid-day.com/ (Articles on Indian Rock bands) Book Journal References * Icons of Rock (An Encyclopedia of the Legends who changed Music Forever) Scott Schinder with Andy Schwartz * Why 1955? Explaining the Advent of Rock Music Richard A. Peterson * Inside Rock Music Vance Ferrell

The Rights and Responsibilities of an Employee :: Rights Discrimination Age Essays

The Rights and Responsibilities of an Employee My co-worker Amina worked with a marketing firm for many years. When she applied to undertake internal training in new information services, her application was denied because management thought she was too old to learn new information technology like Internet and World Wide Web Marketing. Amina was directly discriminated against based on her age. After suing the company, she was compensated with cash and upper management wrote her a formal letter of apology saying, â€Å"We regret the incident happened but we will make sure such thing will not happen again.† After she shared her story with me, I was eager to research about age discrimination because even though most of the time age discrimination occurs to older employees in a work place but young employees such us myself are also considered most of the time as inexperience and incompetent. So that whether you are old or young knowing your rights and responsibilities as an employee is very important in today’s work force. Age discrimination can also happen in a more indirect way. Sometimes a condition, rule or policy, which seems to be fair and neutral, can actually have a greater negative impact on people of a particular age. For example, a job advertisement specifying that applicants must have 15 years experience would disadvantage young people. Unless this was a reasonable requirement of the job, it would be indirect discrimination and against the law. Every body wants a fair go in life but discrimination means that some people are denied opportunities or are treated badly. This is unfair, unnecessary and against the law. Anti-discrimination legislation makes it easier to every body to get a fair go in life by telling us about our rights and responsibilities as well as establishing process for making a complaint about discrimination and resolving complaints. â€Å"The queensland Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 says that it is against the law to discriminate people because of their age (whether they are young or old). It is also against the law to discriminate against a person on the basis of association with or relation to some one of a particular age. The Act also makes other forms of discrimination and sexual harassment against the law.† (EEOC 1991) Age discrimination occurs when someone is treated unfairly or badly compared to others because of how old they are. This happens because people have unfair, old-fashioned, stereotypical or prejudiced ideas or beliefs about older people or young people in particular. The Rights and Responsibilities of an Employee :: Rights Discrimination Age Essays The Rights and Responsibilities of an Employee My co-worker Amina worked with a marketing firm for many years. When she applied to undertake internal training in new information services, her application was denied because management thought she was too old to learn new information technology like Internet and World Wide Web Marketing. Amina was directly discriminated against based on her age. After suing the company, she was compensated with cash and upper management wrote her a formal letter of apology saying, â€Å"We regret the incident happened but we will make sure such thing will not happen again.† After she shared her story with me, I was eager to research about age discrimination because even though most of the time age discrimination occurs to older employees in a work place but young employees such us myself are also considered most of the time as inexperience and incompetent. So that whether you are old or young knowing your rights and responsibilities as an employee is very important in today’s work force. Age discrimination can also happen in a more indirect way. Sometimes a condition, rule or policy, which seems to be fair and neutral, can actually have a greater negative impact on people of a particular age. For example, a job advertisement specifying that applicants must have 15 years experience would disadvantage young people. Unless this was a reasonable requirement of the job, it would be indirect discrimination and against the law. Every body wants a fair go in life but discrimination means that some people are denied opportunities or are treated badly. This is unfair, unnecessary and against the law. Anti-discrimination legislation makes it easier to every body to get a fair go in life by telling us about our rights and responsibilities as well as establishing process for making a complaint about discrimination and resolving complaints. â€Å"The queensland Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 says that it is against the law to discriminate people because of their age (whether they are young or old). It is also against the law to discriminate against a person on the basis of association with or relation to some one of a particular age. The Act also makes other forms of discrimination and sexual harassment against the law.† (EEOC 1991) Age discrimination occurs when someone is treated unfairly or badly compared to others because of how old they are. This happens because people have unfair, old-fashioned, stereotypical or prejudiced ideas or beliefs about older people or young people in particular.

Net Present Value and Cash Essay

Need to consider what types and which cash flows should be included in capital budgeting analysis. D&D was producing and marketing two major product lines: 1. Lift-Off: Low –suds, concentrated powder. 2. Wave: Traditional powder detergent. Questions & Answers: . If you were in Steve Gasper’s place, would you argue to include the cost from market testing as a cash outflow? If I’m Steven Gasper’s I would not include the cost from market testing as a cash outflow. The reason is because the cost from market testing was considered as sunk costs. A sunk cost is an outlay that has already occurred, hence by decision under consideration would not been affected by the costs. Since sunk costs are not incremental cost they should not be included in the analysis. In this case initial cost for Blast, $500,000 for test marketing, which was conducted in the Detroit area and completed in the previous June was consider as a sunk cost and it will not affect Danforth & Donnalley Laundry future cash flows regardless of whether or not the new branch is built. 2. What would your opinion be as to how to deal with the question of working capital? Working capital management deals with the management of current assets which are inventories, payroll, and other cash needs and receivables from customers, account receivable, and also procedures financing these assets. In our opinion, have two basic questions involves in working capital policy: (i) What is the appropriate amount of current assets for the firm to carry both in total and for each specific account and (ii) How should current asset be financed. Therefore, the most important element in best buys working capital policy is its inventory management. Refer to the Danforth & Donnalley laundry, McDonald suggest to add another $200,000 in working capital, because they estimate this money would never leave the firm and would always be in liquid form, for the first time; it consider outflow but hence inflow. In our opinion, some additional cash is required to conduct operations in D&D laundry because additional some cash is needed in order to reserve for some contingency, or as a â€Å"parking place† for funds prior to an acquisition, a major capital investment program, or the like. That concept has been applied to more complex businesses, where it is used to analyze the effectiveness of a firm’s working capital management. Under relaxed current assets policy, D&D laundry would hold relatively large amounts of each type of current asset and under a restricted current assets policy; company would hold minimal amounts of these items. Current assets are necessary, but there are costs associated with holding them. Therefore, if D&D can manage its current assets more efficiently and thereby operate with smaller investment in working capital; this will increase D&D laundry profitability. 3. Would you suggest that the product be charged for the use of excess production facilities and building? Would this opinion change under the hypothetical assumption that needed production facilities for the current line of powdered detergents were at 55 percent of capacity and expected to grow at a rate 20 percent a year and maximum production capacity was 100 percent? What would be the present value of this cash flow given the fact that the currently proposed new plant would involve cash outflows of $5 million in three years (assuming that acceptance of the Blast project would not affect the size of the proposed outlay, only the timing, and that the new plant and facilities would be operable indefinitely). (Hint: Assume that the introduction of Blast would only move the need for a new plant ahead by one year, that the cash outflow would remain at $5 million regardless of when incurred, and that the plant would operate indefinitely. In our opinion, the excess usage of production facilities and building would not be charge into Blast. The reasons of this are:- a) When the machine was bought for Lift-Off productions the cost has been calculated; and b) In obtaining the machine and building for Blast productions no cash payment has been made. Since the production of Blast will occupy current excess capacity, no incremental cash flows are incurred; hence, none should be charged against Blast. Would you suggest that the cash flows resulting from erosion of sales from current laundry detergent products be included as a cash inflow? If there was a chance that competition would introduce a similar product were D&D to fail to introduce Blast, would this affect your answer? Yes, it should be treat as an incremental cash flow for the reduction in the sales of the Lift-Off and Wave, referred to as erosion. These lost sales are included because it a cost (a revenue reduction) that the company must bear if it choose to produce the new product (Blast). It will not affect our answer if there was a chance that competition would introduce a similar product at time D&D fail to introduce Blast. This happen due to the fact that for constructs cash flow we ignore the competitor effect. 5. If debt is used to finance this project, should the interest payments associated with this new debt be considered cash flows? No. We discount project cash flows with a cost of capital that is the rate of return required by all investors (not just debt holders or stockholders), and so we should discount the total amount of cash flow available to all investors.

Parole and Probation Essay

â€Å"A term coined by John Augustus from the Latin term†probare†- to prove, to test; the origin for the Probation came from English Law in the Middle Ages. †(A Brief History of Probation) â€Å"In 1841He persuaded Boston Police Court to release an adult drunkard into his custody rather than send him to prison- the prevalent means dealing with law violations at that time. †(Meet John Augustus, 2007) He was successful in improving the drunkards’ condition. It wasn’t a task done without controversies. Other police, court clerks and turnkeys didn’t agree with what John Augustus was doing, because this was taking away their pay. They got paid for those that were incarcerated, not the ones John Augustus took in his custody. â€Å"In 1878 Massachusetts passed the first probation statute mandating an official State Probation System with salaried officers. Other states followed suit. †(Meet John Augustus, 2007) â€Å"On July 1, 1930 the Division of Parole was established in the Executive Department. †(History of Parole in New York State) This meant that the Department of Corrections would no longer make decisions on which parolees would be released from prison. This responsibility was given to the fulltime Board of Parole that had been established by the Executive Department. â€Å"In 1917 Division of Parole was consolidated with the Department of Corrections to form the Department of Corrections Services (DOCS). †(History of Parole in New York State) â€Å"The Sentencing Reform Act of 1998 referred to as Jenna’s Law added a new dimension to the Division through the elimination of discretionary release for all violent felony offenders while mandating court imposed periods of post release supervision of 1. to 5 years that the offender must serve after his period of incarceration imposed by the court. †(History of the Parole in New York State) Taken a closer look it seems that probation and parole are basically the same thing, its’ like they did the same work but only had different names. No, if you think of it that way you are wrong they are both in the same agency or department but they are not the same. There is a difference; â€Å"probation is part and parcel in the offenders initial sentence and parole comes much faster allowing the offender early release from prison sentence. (Findlaw, 2008) Probation is alternative used by the courts, instead of sending the offender to prison. The courts put restrictions and supervision; they go through sanctions depending on their offense. If they are drug addicts they put them through a rehabilitation program to help them get cleaned. They put them through school to learn a skill so they can find a job. If necessary they also go through anger management classes. There is a variety of sanctions available which the probation officers prepare for them to go through to better themselves and keep from falling in the same offense or any other one over and over. Parole helps the inmates to return to the community after serving part of their prison term. There is a very strict process through which they have to go through to be able to return to the community as a normal person and not as an outcast. There are many sanctions they have to go through to help them be prepared to return back to civilization and not return as a repeat offender. Probation and Parole officers have large caseloads, more than reasonably acceptable, but there’s nothing they can do about it. They do the best they can to help the offenders get ready and feel confident about themselves and their return to their communities. These officers are assigned to areas where they know the community and its resources. This way they are able to provide better help for the offenders. Some offenders have specialized cases and the Probation and Parole officers focus on these special areas; supervision is provided by Parole for domestic violence, sexual assault, violent youthful offenders and other types of offenders. More and more conservatives now favor the abolishing parole, sharply curtailing probation, imprisoning over adult felons for his or her entire term and warehousing juvenile offenders in adult jails. †(Dilulio Jr. , 1997) To abolish probation and parole is not a very good idea. It just needs work and money to be invested on it. They need to hire more officers for Probation and Parole to help alleviate the load they have now. By hiring more personnel, they can put the light cases to a team of officers; this can help the officers that have specialized cases, it will make the caseloads they have now lighter for them. This gives them more time to focus on the special needs of the offenders. Being able to spend more time to help the offenders get through and be able to understand what and why they are doing some of these sanctions and what benefits they will get out of them. Once they understand they will look forward to continuing and finishing these sanctions because it will make them a better person and feel a change in their lives. This will be a big help to the Probation and Parole officers; they will be able to rigorously enforce the sanctions the offenders go through, and be proud of them when they complete these sanctions and become better citizens. It will be even better when the officers see a year or two or three pass by and don’t see the offenders return. The main thing needed is for more money to be invested to Probation and Parole. There are many things that are being studied foe the betterment of Probation and Parole. Innovations† in probation on July 2007 â€Å"Assessing New York City’s automated Reporting System†; New York City Department of Probation has successfully used the Kiosk System to focus its’ resourced on probationers identified as high risk through increasingly reporting and lower caseloads by assigning larger number of low-risk to high case loads. †(Department of Probation, 2008) This is just one of the many innovations that will help Probation and I recommend it. Parole is a tougher cookie to bite, because some of the offenders just aren’t going through the programs that they need to go through. The Parole Officer often wastes their time going after the bad offenders to get them to follow their program. There is nothing they can do if they’re not willing to help themselves; they will eventually commit other crimes. For these offenders the â€Å"three strikes you’re out† law will work well. You give them three chances and they fail them then their â€Å"out†, in other words they go back to prison to finish their sentence and on top they will serve for the new crimes they have committed; and should have a no parole policy after the â€Å"three strikes you’re out† law. On the other hand there are those offenders that are putting all their efforts to stay off drugs, remain sober and get a job. These offenders are ignored and forgotten because they’re too busy chasing the bad non-compliant ones. If they pay more attention to the ones that are ignored they can make a big difference by letting everyone see that it can be done , they can be turned to a self-reliant person that can go back into the community without fear of being treated as an outcast. Martin Horn, formerly head of New York State’s Parole Authority and Commissioner of Prisons in Pennsylvania. † †Horns notion is to reinvent Parole on the basis of a â€Å"personal responsibility† model. Released personnel would be given the equivalent of a parole voucher. For a fixed time-say two years-hes can use the voucher to seek education, job training, drug treatment or other services from state selected providers. If he wants to help himself, he can, if not heâ€℠¢s on his own. Do a new crime during this period-bite the hand that is offering you a way to help yourself and you do the time for the crime, plus a year or two. †(Dilulio Jr, 1997) This is also a notion that Horn had and O believe the only way to see if it works is to put it to the test. It’s the only way to know if this reinvention to Parole will work to improve what is now available in Parole. Just like the Kiosk System seems to be working, now Philadelphia Probation wants New York City Probation to help them create a Kiosk-Based Automated System just like the one they have in New York City Probation. Reference http://www.nyc.gov/html/prob/home.html

Prologue What Is It, Do You Really Need One How to Write a Prologue

Prologue What Is It, Do You Really Need One How to Write a Prologue Prologue: What is it Do You Really Need a Prologue? Should you write a prologue, or should you throw the reader right into the story?This choice will either serve your readers or take away from their experience if you dont know the intricacies of prologues- like if you even need one (and well cover this below).This is one of the most important for aspiring fiction authors writing a novel! Let’s talk about what a prologue is, when to use them, and how to use them well.Heres everything you need to know about prologues:What is a prologue?How to make a prologue stand outHow to know if its a prologueHow to know if your book needs a prologueHow to write a good prologueNOTE: We cover everything in this blog post and much more about the writing, marketing, and publishing process in our VIP Fiction Self-Publishing Program. Learn more about it hereWhat is a prologue?A prologue is like a short story- a small glimpse, set in your story’s world, written in the same style as the rest of your book but with clear separation from the sta rt of your story.Maybe it’s an entire literary device, like a flashforward of your protagonist that gives the reader a taste of the world, some crucial information for the plot, and will make sense later.Maybe it’s an event from thousands of years ago that sets the wheels in motion for your story’s inciting incident. Maybe it’s a background prologue your reader needs to settle into a fantasy or sci-fi universe (but not an info dump).Maybe it’s a snippet of your story from a different perspective- for example, this could be used if your story needs information from when your perspective character was a child who couldn’t understand what was happening, or if they simply weren’t present for the event.If you’re struggling to connect the reader to your story with enough necessary information to understand what’s happening, maybe you need a prologue.  A prologue should read exactly as if you were writing a short story withou t a true ending- your prologue should leave the reader questioning and curious.Note: Any questions you create in the prologue must be resolved by the end of your story.How to Make a Prologue Stand OutThe prologue should stand out from the rest of the book in a significant way.If it fits seamlessly into your story and the reader can’t tell it’s a prologue without a label, that isn’t a prologue.While it should be written in the same style as the rest of the book, here are examples of how it can stand out:Time difference. Your prologue could be set in the past to reveal an important event. It could jump into the future and the rest of the story becomes a sort of flashback up to that point. Oftentimes, you won’t even see the future-set prologue in the book, because the story will end before it reaches that point, but the book should show a logical progression to your future-set prologue.Different perspective. Maybe your story is in first-person and your prolo gue is an event from a third-person omniscient perspective. Maybe we get a view of the main character from the perspective of a friend or parent. Maybe we see a character’s perspective who never actually shows up in the story.Your reader should see a distinct difference between the prologue and the rest of your novel, else why is it a prologue instead of the first chapter?You also don’t hop back into this perspective at any other point in the book- if you can, then why did you need the prologue in the first place?If you go back to that perspective, you likely could include the information in the story itself instead of separating it into a prologue.How to Know if its a PrologueThere are many ways to start a book besides jumping into the story. Let’s look at a few options to establish the differences between them.Preface or forewordA preface is basically the author explaining something to the reader about how the book came to be, who was involved in creating it, and other information about the book’s creation. A preface is not a part of the story, and it can be skipped without damaging the reader’s understanding.A foreword is similar, but written by someone who is not the author- a foreword is typically a reflection of how the book relates to society and readers.IntroductionA book introduction is typically used only in nonfiction.It gives the reader supplemental information, and it usually isn’t crucial for the reader’s understanding of the rest of the book.PrologueA prologue is typically used only in fiction. It gives the reader information about the story, in the same form of the story.So the prose of a prologue will have the same writing style and vibe of the rest of the book, even if it’s in a different timeline or perspective. If a reader skips reading the prologue, it will affect their understanding of the book.How to determine if your book needs a prologueNot every book needs a prologue and if yours truly doesnt, the actual prologue can then take away from the book, giving away too much or being irrelevant in general.So lets figure out if your book actually needs a prologue or not.Why should you write a prologue?If something happened far out of the context of your story that is CRUCIAL to understanding it. If you have the information you must convey to the reader that can’t be worked into the main novel, you may need a prologue.If the story doesn’t make sense without the prologue. If you can remove the prologue (or a reader can skip it), and their understanding is not damaged, a prologue is not necessary.If you can’t weave the prologue’s information into the story without muddling your plot. If working the prologue content into your story is unnatural or confusing, you may need a prologue.Why shouldn’t you write a prologue?If your story makes sense without it.If the content could be included in the main story.If it’s a copout to writin g an interesting opener.If you’re just writing it because you think you’re supposed to have one.If it’s just an exposition dump.If it’s just for world-building.If it’s just to set mood or atmosphere.If it’s to supplement a boring first chapter opening.Note: prologues can certainly be used for mood, atmosphere, world-building, and clever exposition, but these shouldn’t be the sole purpose.So clearly, there are more reasons not to write a prologue than there are reasons to write one. Be very critical of your prologue to be sure you should include it.But if you decide your story does need a prologue, here are five tips to write a great one.How to Write a Good Prologue for Your BookNot every prologue is created equal.Just as a great prologue can make a book, a bad one can ruin it completely. Here are some tips to keep it fresh, exciting, and influential to your books story.#1 Keep it briefYour prologue shouldn’t be longer than you r average chapter length.It should be one event (maybe two), it shouldn’t bother with developing characters, and it should only include the crucial information.#2 Keep it interestingIf your prologue is boring, readers will skip it. We all know that the first pages of your first chapter are extremely important.This is where the reader will either be hooked to finish the book, or where they lose interest.If you include a prologue, it should be just as gripping as your first chapter. However, this doesn’t mean you can slack in the first chapter. The two should work together to be as intriguing as possible to yank the reader in and not let them go.An author who exemplifies this greatly is Jenna Moreci in her novel The Saviors Champion. The prologue is vital to the story, is written in another perspective, and is just as (I would argue its even more) gripping as the first chapter.#3 Focus on crisp, original proseEven if your prologue is historical or in a book genre thats less exciting, or if its a document of some sort, keep your prose on par with the rest of your book.Put special effort into the quality of writing- this is your reader’s first taste of what’s to come!#4 End with a burning questionAfter your prologue, your reader should be so intrigued that they immediately jump into the first chapter.You want them to say â€Å"What the **** is going on?!† so loud it freaks their cat out.This is what pushes readers to buy more books, increasing your overall book sales and hooking fans.George R.R. Martin did a great job with this in his infamous series Game of Thrones. The series opens with a prologue of men venturing beyond the wall to investigate certain occurrences.At the end, youre left wondering what the heck just happened.#5 Make it an event, not an exposition dumpThis is where most writers go wrongThey use their prologue as a tool to spoon-feed readers information about a world the reader hasn’t developed an inter est for yet.This will often make them skim the prologue, skip the prologue, or skip the book entirely.Prologues are a great story-telling tool when used properly. Make sure you need a prologue before you include one, keep it brief, keep it interesting, and keep it Absolutely Necessary.#6 Give your prologue a purpose by finishing the whole bookA great prologue means nothing if it only ever sees a folder in your computer that you only open every seven months.If you really want to finish writing your book and even self-publishing your book someday, a kick in the butt to get it done will help.Weve got just that for you.

Animal Assisted Therapy for Children with Special Needs

Animal Assisted Therapy for Children with Special Needs Free Online Research Papers Animal assisted therapy is a very useful program in treating psychological and emotional problems of children with special needs. In this method, animals like birds and domesticated pets are being used to treat cases of children which are hard to accomplish when employed with regular therapy. This is because of the children’s young minds were exposed to such matters that they can’t comprehend. This method of therapy is also being used for children with physical and metal disabilities. These children include those who have autism and other mental disabilities, as well as those who are disabled even at a young age. With animal assisted therapy, these children can interact with the animals, which somewhat improves their interaction skills as much as a normal child can. Pets and children with autism In an article written Nicholas and Collis, it states that â€Å"autism manifests itself most strikingly as impairments in communication and in the formation of social relationships (McNicholas Collis, 1995).† However, there are reports regarding the close relationships being formed by these autistic children with animals and pets. It is difficult to obtain a quantitative data regarding the response of these autistic children towards animals. The researchers however, based the results through interviews with the parents of these children. They are able to see the â€Å"normal† functioning being attributed by these children since the parents knows how their kids react. Through in depth-interviews, the researchers came up with the qualitative data showing that these autistic people. Through the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, they were able to diagnose that some of these are severely autistic and some were moderately autistic. All of these have showed aggression towards their parents and relatives before. The ones interviewed were mostly the mother of the autistic child. These mothers were asked to asses how their child responded with the introduction o these pets. It showed that there were several behaviour changes in the child, especially in the field of relationship between the child and the pets, and between the child and other people. The aspects to be considered were greeting, seeking of closeness or proximity, seeking and giving of comfort, conflicts, companionship, play, and many more. The qualitative results for the interview showed that all of the subjects that were studied showed different behaviours which they rarely or even so, never showed with their other family members and other hum companions. These pets were mostly sought after because they serve as these children’s companions, providing comfort and serves as their confidant – the things they rarely or never show to their family members. These children showed greater sensitivity for whatever the animals need, as well as their lack of anger and signs of aggression towards their pets. These children never liked being touched or hugged by other people, but when it comes to their pets, they like tactile comfort the feel with their pets. The implication of this research is about that they can fully show their capability to interact and express their feelings just like normal human beings do. However, this is only expressed with animals and pets. Autism may be able to demonstrate behaviours towards pets which they don’t usually show to people, even with their family members. Their ability to establish close relationships may be awakened with these animal assisted visits and therapy. Through these, they are able to relate and interact with the animals, and possibly with other people, starting with their parents. Pets and lonely handicapped children Animal assisted therapy can be very useful in reducing loneliness. According to an article by Duncan, â€Å"loneliness is a condition that crosses all gender, ethnic and socioeconomic barriers (Duncan, 1995).† If loneliness can affect normal people, then surely, handicapped children will be greatly affected by loneliness. There are times that having a handicap can be a restriction for many people to interact with others. In the case of handicapped children, they are hindered from interacting with other people, especially with other young children just like them. This would mostly lead to a feeling of loneliness for these children, which would greatly affect their feelings and emotions. According to Duncan, â€Å"factors that can lead to loneliness or are symptoms of loneliness disability, loss of employment, diminished financial reserves, change in family structure and family member roles, availability of health care, lack of competitive level of education are no longer only problems of the aging (Duncan, 1995).† This implies that even young ones are susceptible to these problems. This is the part which companion animals come in. They offer companion to lonely people, young and old. They keep them from being lonely by always being there, a pet by the side whenever the need be. Young children with disabilities can have a pet to cheer him up and keep him from being sad and lonely. It changes the mood of the person, as well as their outlook in life. These programs are very useful in the cases of children with deep psychological and emotional problems (Crossroads Group, 1998). These children are those who have experienced abuse from their family and other people. It could either be physical abuse or sexual abuse which has greatly affected their emotions, often leading to depression and feeling of being unwanted by the society. Through this animal assisted therapy, they will be opened to ways of understanding how they will be acceptable to the society, that there is a healing process. These animals play a role which the children can associate, like being unwanted animals being cared for by other people. Animal Assisted Therapy aims on helping these children live normal lives despite the hardships that they have suffered. The pets also play a very good role as support for the people who are survivors of sexual abuse. According to a research done by Barker, et al, â€Å"Although research documents a child’s need for social and emotional support and suggests that pets may help meet that need, little has been done to investigate the supportive role of pets for high risk children (Barker, Barker, Dawson, Knisely, 1995).† The research showed that these pets are much more considered supportive by the people who were sexually abused as compared to other people. The most credible facts in this therapy are that various animals play a great role in the healing process of these children. Even though they are animals, they can lessen the pain that these children are suffering and helping them recover. The less credible fact tackled was about how animals could sympathize with these children. There is no basis to say that these animals can feel what the children can feel (Blackman, 2003). I would be very inclined to use this pet therapy to children with special needs because it is there emotion that we’re dealing with. We can’t use the approaches being used on adults because it is of different context. The children’s concept about the world and the society is just forming, and if you would employ the methods used for adults, their reaction as well as the outcome of the therapy would actually be different. References: Barker, S. B., Barker, R. T., Dawson, K. S., Knisely, J. S. (1995). The Supportive Role of Pets in the Childhood of Sexual Abuse Survivors. Retrieved September 20, 2007, from deltasociety.org/AnimalsHealthChildrenSupportive.htm Blackman, D. (2003). Visiting Pets and Animal Assisted Therapy. Retrieved September 20, 2007, from http://dogplay.com/Activities/Therapy/therapy.html Crossroads Group. (1998). What is Animal Assisted Therapy? Retrieved September 20, 2007, from crossroadsgrouphome.com/CGHAATWhat.html Duncan, S. L. (1995). Loneliness: A Health Hazard of Modern Times. Interactions, Volume 13(Issue 1). McNicholas, J., Collis, G. M. (1995). Relationships Between Young People with Autism and Their Pets. Retrieved September 20, 2007, from deltasociety.org/AnimalsHealthChildrenRelationship.htm Research Papers on Animal Assisted Therapy for Children with Special NeedsEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyGenetic EngineeringInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Spring and AutumnThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseHip-Hop is ArtArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Comparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThree Concepts of Psychodynamic

Calculate Federal Income Tax

Calculate Federal Income Tax The average American wants to share as little of his or her earnings with Uncle Sam. How does the saying go? Don’t tax you. Don’t tax me. Tax that man behind the tree. Gnawing on a worker’s wages, income tax is an everyday example of percent decrease at work.   This article focuses on using percents to calculate disposable income, the amount of money that remains after paying federal income tax. How to Calculate Income Tax When you get that first real job and learn that you’ll have an annual salary of $36,000, realize that you don’t have $3,000 a month to spend.Let’s say that your income tax rate will be 5%. What will be your disposable income?1. Find the amount of taxes that you’ll pay.36,000 * .05 $1,8002. Subtract the amount of taxes from your income.$36,000 – $1,800 $34,200Disposable Income:   $34,200Disposable Income per Month: $34,200/12 $2,850  Ã‚     Don’t run out and get a mortgage and car note that total $2,500 a month. Otherwise, you will be the hungriest person living the American Dream. Exercises Answers and Explanations Use each annual salary and tax rate to calculate disposable income.1. Annual salary: $350,000Federal income tax rate:   28%Disposable income: 2. Annual salary:   $10,000Federal income tax rate: 5%Disposable income: 3. Annual salary:   $80,500Federal income tax rate:   10%Disposable income: 4. Annual salary: $175,000Federal income tax rate: 23%Disposable income:   5. Annual salary: $50,400Federal income tax rate:   10%Disposable income: 6. Annual salary: $93,550Federal income tax rate:   18%Disposable income: 7. Annual salary:   $27,950Federal income tax rate:   5%Disposable income:

Directors, Shareholders and Rewards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Directors, Shareholders and Rewards - Essay Example The operation procedures of the London stock exchange are much active in the arena of corporate governance. The various benefits due to the listing are, like the companies to the Specialist market which are versed in the issuing of funds should have to suit themselves with the requisites of standards set by the European markets, this helps in the minimization of corruptions. The organization may have to deal with the legal structures which deal with the restriction in partnership. â€Å"The benefits make the AIM one of the leading markets in Europe.† (Boldyrev 2010). The corporate governance law transactions with the London stock exchange is in a competent manner to assure understanding along with the customers. The LSE is among the leading stock exchanges in the world and is a vital part of the UK finance market. The LSE provides to make certain that organized markets are in pace with the rules, principles , the transactions and market movements. The basic intend of the LSE is to construct accessible intermediaries and investors with attention-grabbing and coordinated markets to increase capital investments. The corporate governance denotes confident rules to be taken in the listing of LSE. There are rules related to the listing, prospectus and the policy written in the stock exchange. These rules relate to the transparency, instruction and communicate in terms of financial reporting. There are enormourous consequences for the Medicaments plc Company after listing themselves in the stock exchange; it will be useful in assessing the company in terms of the future opportunities and economic growth and developments. The LSE lists the results of the shares in each quarter and the results of the shares can help Medicaments Plc understand the financial position and the company opposition and make the moves according to that. The company has the advantages of getting operated in the market in terms of derivatives in the

The Role Of Public Relation In Crisis Management in the Oil & Gas Research Paper

The Role Of Public Relation In Crisis Management in the Oil & Gas industry - Research Paper Example Whenever a crisis happens, the management of an organization needs to proceed in a manner that would guarantee the most effective coordination of the three groups, which would ensure that public relations is used in the management of the crisis. The role of public relations in the management of crisis in oil and gas industry has been portrayed in a number of crises with some companies managing the crisis poorly and damaging the image of the company while others using public relations strategies to improve the company’s image. The oil and gas industry has experienced a number of crises with some generating good public response and others attracting a public outrage and rendering the company almost bankrupt. The response to the crisis of a toxic gas release, which happened on December 1984 at a Union Carbide Chemical Factory or Plant located in Bhopal, India killing over 2000 (3800) people formed one of the most effectively managed crisis in history. The team managing this crisis consisted of ten of the executives and managers of Carbide headed by the C.E.O and worked for several months in coordinating the management, operation, and communication response to the industrial accident. The public relation methods that were utilized in managing this crisis included crisis communication, consumer public relations, internal communication, and government relations. According to a report by Jackson Browning (1993), the then vice president of Union Carbide Corporation in charge of safety, health, and environmental programs, the team held its first press conference that took very few minutes. In the press conference, the team acknowledged that the serious disaster had happened in a factory owned by the Union Carbide where they had a 50.9% share. The team explained to the press some of the immediate measur5es that they were already undertaking in addressing the crisis. The company had daily briefings where they would answer

Google verses Microsoft Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Google verses Microsoft - Research Paper Example They offer a variety of IT products that include the operating systems, design of site operations by companies, products that facilitates efficient advertising. The company majorly engages in the provision of search, advertising, operating system platforms, and enterprise services in general. Microsoft on the other hand does not deal so much on different products than those of Google. Microsoft came into existence in the 1980’s with the major object of ensuring that business IT solutions are well effected, it offered the earlier IT services that included the Microsoft office tools which it has kept upgrading till recent. Its latest product is the Bing, which has been developed to counter the Android that is a product provided by the Google incorporation. Microsoft had been divided into five divisions in terms of the product, hence termed as product divisions. They include; Windows and Windows Live Division, Server and Tools, Online Services Division. All the above are engaged in the production and distribution of operating system products including their upgrade components, Microsoft Business Division; this departments is that which is engaged in the actual business operations which ranges from management to marketing, this department is that which fuels the objectives of helping businesses achieve active business solutions. Entertainment and Devices Division takes care of the entertainment sector. This is a major revenue-generating center for Microsoft incorporation and the corporation derives most of its income from this branch of the division. Microsoft employs the Total Quality Management style (TQM) of leadership. This is a management style where the every employee in the organization employs a proactive measure to ensure that the VMO’s of the organizations are met. Total Quality management also involves management by providing services high quality services that can withstand international completion. Google on the contrary employs a sought of beaurcratic management leadership style where a chain of command flows from the CEO downwards (Vise, 2008). Other competitors are Apple, twitter, Face book which are also IT service companies in the industry. Google financial ratios Name Formula 2008 2009 2010 Current Ratio Current Assets/Current liabilities 8.7 10.6 4.1 Return on Asset EBIT/Total Assets 8.4% 5.8% 5.1% Return on equity EBIT/Shareholders Earnings 13% 16% 14.1% Debt ratio Total debt/Equity 8.1% 7.6% 2.1% Fixed asset turnover Inventory/Fixed Assets 32.2 41.2% 21.4% Dividend payout ratio Earnings/Ordinary Shares 1.8% 2.1% 2.7% P/E ratio MPS/EPS 1.18 2.86 3.27 The movements in their financial ratios determine the performance of any company. The ratios as identified above are determines the liquidity of the company, profitability, the long-term prospects, and even the growth of the company. Liquidity on this case is shown by the current ratio. The current ratio shows the value of current assets as compared to the liabi lities of the companies. Google has high progressively increasing current assets ratio. This shows overcapitalization. It therefore means that, Google has invested much on Current assets than they have liability. The impact of this is that the company risks having liquidity problems in the future since the since it does not have an appropriate liquid cash to undertake their day-to-day operations. Profitability ratios are return ratios that depicts the profitability trends of the company. It is normally the wish

The Idea of Realism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Idea of Realism - Essay Example The essay "The Idea of Realism" will examine the idea of realism in the context of modern art. Realism is an artistic movement that was popular in France. In attempting to ‘accurately’ reflect life in all its objective detail, artists taking a Realist approach often worked to find the most ‘common’ people of the fields and villages and depicted them in their most humble and menial tasks. The ideas behind realism can be better understood by comparing the writing of two influential artists of the period, Gustave Courbet and Ferdnand Leger. Gustave Courbet held that â€Å"painting is an essentially concrete art and can only consist in the representation of real and existing things†. The chief technical concern of Courbet seemed to be an abandonment, to some extent, of the ‘rules’ of art in favor of a more natural flow of line and form. By retaining these rough elements of the painting, Courbet felt he was more accurately representing the mom ent and the emotion of the moment during which the piece was created or the scene was witnessed. As he continued to attempt to portray the ‘real’ of life by focusing upon the humble peasantry, he began to identify himself more and more from their perspective. By 1850, his ideas regarding what was real were becoming more defined as he wrote to a friend, â€Å"†¦ in our so very civilized society it is necessary for me to live the life of a savage. I must be free even of governments. The people have my sympathies, I must address myself to them directly†.

Ontology and Epistemology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ontology and Epistemology - Essay Example We will talk about ontology and its direct, objective approach to studying an entity, and epistemology, with its more intrinsic approach concerning knowledge, truth, belief, and justification. Ontology Ontology is the study of kinds of things that exist and its nature of being (â€Å"Ontology†). It is said that everything that has a name exists. Every noun points to an actual entity. Ontology is the study about that entity. Whether the concept is concrete such as a microorganism, or abstract such as resilience, the study of that entity as something that exists is the ontological approach. It is generally a descriptive and categorical way of thinking that examines the nuts and bolts of an existing entity, categorizing and differentiating it from other entities. I am holding a flower. The flower I am holding is a rose. The thorns are pointy and can pierce my skin. These are all ontological notions. It is the recognition and classification of an entity that exists and its constit uent parts. Epistemology Epistemology on the other hand is the study of knowledge. It questions what a person knows, how he knows what he knows, and how much a person can know about something. Some philosophers believe that knowledge is a True Belief that has Justification. So the three components of knowledge are that it should be true, the person with the knowledge must believe it is true, and there should be proof or justification that it is true (Sahakian and Sahakian). If epistemology is about knowledge, this is how they look at the situation: I KNOW it is a flower because all flowers have a stem, a stalk, leaves and a bunch of petals on the tip. This is true because it is consistent with other flowers who also have the same characteristics. I KNOW it is in my hand because I can feel it and see it in my hand. This is true under the correspondence theory of truth and Naive Realism. I KNOW it is a rose because I was taught by my teacher that this is what a rose looks like. This i s true under the criteria of authority. I KNOW that the thorns can pierce my skin because pointy objects can pierce my skin. This is true under Consensus gentium. All these things are considered knowledge because I believe that they are as they are, and my beliefs are proven to be true because the justification satisfies the criteria of truth. Satisfying the criteria of truth is needed to justify a proposition. There are many criteria for truth, some of which are valid, and others are not. These criteria are all valid or invalid to certain extents. Truth The criteria for truth consist of Authority which states that a proposal is true as long as a qualified individual says it is. This criterion is not very reliable since different qualified individuals can have opposing views toward a single topic. Coherence is the criterion in which a proposal is true as long as the facts are well explained and are reconciled to support that proposal. This criterion could be the most effective test of truth but is limited by the person’s ability to gather all the relevant facts. Consensus gentium is a general truth accepted by all of mankind. An example is the existence of gravity; consistency can be either mere or strict. Mere consistency makes a proposition true as long as two correct statements don’t contradict. Strict consistency needs a prior true statement to validate the proposed true statement; correspondence makes a propositi

History Research Paper Outline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History Research Paper Outline - Essay Example During the period from 1762-1770, British government found itself in wars in Europe, West Indies, and Asia. This wars meant more money was required to service the British national debt(University of Massachusetts History Club 2).This led to heavy burden of taxes on British tax payers, including the colonies. British authorities began to issue a series of legislative acts which were intended to tax colonial residents (University of Massachusetts History Club 2). The acts were meant to help raise money to service the wars. If there was representation by Americans in the British parliament, these acts might not have passed because the representatives would have argued, and perhaps convinced the British authorities otherwise (University of Massachusetts History Club 2).Because there was no representation, these acts led to socioeconomic forces that destroyed the British colonial empire and subsequently led to the American Revolution. The stamp act that was passed by the British parliament, whose primary intention was to raise money for military defenses of the colonies, contributed to rising tensions. This revenue was to be achieved by ensuring the American population purchase stamps, which were a legal requirement for all official documents, licenses, and contracts (University of Massachusetts History Club 2). Newspapers were also included. This led to formation of the stamp act congress which was to be an act of defiance against the British measure (University of Massachusetts History Club 2). This congress, in their resolutions, declared and stated that they were entitled to the rights and liberties like all other British subjects. The most important declaration was their assertion that there cannot be taxation without representation (University of Massachusetts History Club 2).They believed that the only bodies that can legally impose an internal tax were their legislatures. When this resolution was sent to the British legislature, it was rejected on the

Ontology and Epistemology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ontology and Epistemology - Essay Example We will talk about ontology and its direct, objective approach to studying an entity, and epistemology, with its more intrinsic approach concerning knowledge, truth, belief, and justification. Ontology Ontology is the study of kinds of things that exist and its nature of being (â€Å"Ontology†). It is said that everything that has a name exists. Every noun points to an actual entity. Ontology is the study about that entity. Whether the concept is concrete such as a microorganism, or abstract such as resilience, the study of that entity as something that exists is the ontological approach. It is generally a descriptive and categorical way of thinking that examines the nuts and bolts of an existing entity, categorizing and differentiating it from other entities. I am holding a flower. The flower I am holding is a rose. The thorns are pointy and can pierce my skin. These are all ontological notions. It is the recognition and classification of an entity that exists and its constit uent parts. Epistemology Epistemology on the other hand is the study of knowledge. It questions what a person knows, how he knows what he knows, and how much a person can know about something. Some philosophers believe that knowledge is a True Belief that has Justification. So the three components of knowledge are that it should be true, the person with the knowledge must believe it is true, and there should be proof or justification that it is true (Sahakian and Sahakian). If epistemology is about knowledge, this is how they look at the situation: I KNOW it is a flower because all flowers have a stem, a stalk, leaves and a bunch of petals on the tip. This is true because it is consistent with other flowers who also have the same characteristics. I KNOW it is in my hand because I can feel it and see it in my hand. This is true under the correspondence theory of truth and Naive Realism. I KNOW it is a rose because I was taught by my teacher that this is what a rose looks like. This i s true under the criteria of authority. I KNOW that the thorns can pierce my skin because pointy objects can pierce my skin. This is true under Consensus gentium. All these things are considered knowledge because I believe that they are as they are, and my beliefs are proven to be true because the justification satisfies the criteria of truth. Satisfying the criteria of truth is needed to justify a proposition. There are many criteria for truth, some of which are valid, and others are not. These criteria are all valid or invalid to certain extents. Truth The criteria for truth consist of Authority which states that a proposal is true as long as a qualified individual says it is. This criterion is not very reliable since different qualified individuals can have opposing views toward a single topic. Coherence is the criterion in which a proposal is true as long as the facts are well explained and are reconciled to support that proposal. This criterion could be the most effective test of truth but is limited by the person’s ability to gather all the relevant facts. Consensus gentium is a general truth accepted by all of mankind. An example is the existence of gravity; consistency can be either mere or strict. Mere consistency makes a proposition true as long as two correct statements don’t contradict. Strict consistency needs a prior true statement to validate the proposed true statement; correspondence makes a propositi

Performance - Dance Essay Example for Free

Performance Dance Essay This evaluative essay will explore why the dance piece â€Å"Twilight† choreographed by Sarah Boulter and performed by Grace, Jessie, Heath and Nick, should be chosen in the Empire Theatre â€Å"Youth Arts Showcase†. This piece is an outstanding example of contemporary dance and by far the perfect choice for the showcase, as it clearly follows the selected criteria given by the committee. These are that it clearly exhibits the characteristics of contemporary dance, has a clear intention and is extremely entertaining to watch. The characteristics of contemporary dance are clearly evident in the performance of â€Å"Twilight†. One evident characteristic in this piece is the use of Gravity (Rise and Fall) which is shown in a lot of movements. This is identified when each male lifts his female partner of the ground and the female performs a high kick into a split position, then back up again. In extension to this, flexed feet movements are included and shown when at the very start of the dance all four of the dancers perform their own movements/mini sequence for about 8 seconds in the middle of the stage, facing towards the audience. Movements include leaps, high kicks, jumps and tumbling. Finally the dancers perform movements in parallel, which are seen when they position themselves in a diamond shape in the centre of the stage, facing the audience and perform the same energetic and percussive running, lifting and leaping movements at the same time, across the stage at high and medium level. Sarah Boulter’s dance sequence â€Å"Twilight† clearly tells the story of 4 vampires that are in battle. This is shown through the female’s short, dark, ripped dresses and the male’s long black, ripped capes and pants. It is also highlighted by the fast, upbeat and loud tempo in the music as well as the lyrics â€Å"We will be Victorious†, which reveal that they are fighting and will win. The intention of the dance piece was also shown through the movement elements. The 4 dancers begin walking down a flight of stairs into a horizontal line, facing the audience. Each dancer then breaks into an individual routine, showing their â€Å"battle moves†. In addition to this, the dancers are also seen running around the stage in a circular formation, then breaking into a straddle leap across the stage, onto the ground. Finally, at the end of the dance all 4 dancers are seen in a different pose, then all dropping to the ground. This shows that they had either been defeated or were â€Å"worn out† and tired. After reading the above statements the intention has clearly been successfully conveyed to the audience in both a exiting and ingenious manner. In my opinion â€Å"Twilight† was both an entertaining and creative dance piece to watch. This is achievable by including the amazing use of many lifts, jumps and varied floor patterns. The choreographer also included a lot of movement elements that the dancers did in unison. An example of lifts was when all dancers were in a square shape, and then the 2 females and 2 males branched off into couples. Each couple were then seen to do a lift, down into side splits then up again. Another great element in this piece was the veritable use of jumps and leaps. This was seen at the start of the dance, when all of the dancers bunched up together and one of the females stood up on both of the males backs, jumped up and then landed on the males, they then all collapsed to the ground. Finally the various floor patterns showed many outstanding shapes and levels, which was seen when each dancer ran round the stage and zigzagged through each other. Consequently it is extremely clear that this dance piece is amazingly entertaining and creative to watch. In conclusion, I believe that it is extremely clear that the dance piece â€Å"Twilight† choreographed by Sarah Boulter and danced by Grace, Jesse, Nick and Heath should be included in the Empire Theatres Youth Arts Showcase. This piece should be chosen as it clearly addresses the selected criteria supplied by the committee. The characteristics of contemporary dance are clearly highlighted through the use of Flexed Feet, Gravity (Rise and Fall) and Parallel Movements. These can be seen when the dancers perform movements on different levels, as well as the use of energetic running in parallel and suspended leaps and lifts with flexed feet. The intention of the dance was clearly conveyed through the costumes which showed their characters. Finally the dance was amazingly entertaining to watch. The use of exciting level, directions and floor patterns kept the audience entertained and intrigued, so did the marvellous performance skills of the dancers. Consequently it is clear that this dance piece is the perfect choice for the showcase and therefore should be chosen.

Orthotics in Neurology: Disorders, Treatment and Causes

Orthotics in Neurology: Disorders, Treatment and Causes Contents (Jump to) Introduction Explanation Disorders Posture and Gait: Deformity: Muscle Weakness: Contractures and Spasticity: Sensory problems: Autonomic Functions: Treatment Causes Conclusion Bibliography Introduction Orthotics refers to all kind of problems related to the shape, function and posture of the body and all part it contains. Since all the parts of the body and their movement are associated with the brain, thus orthotics is highly related to neurology. Orthotics in neurology encompasses all the elements that relate to the functioning of muscles, organs and joints which are utterly controlled by the nerves which carry the orders of a brain to the respective body part. The problems that can occur due to bone disorders and neurological deficits are limb problems, joint complications and abnormalities in locomotion system. Besides these, there are certain minor problems too that may turn into major abnormalities if orthotics occurs in neurology (Houlden, Charlton, Singh, 2007). The initial indicator of orthotics is identified by a defect in the motor neurons that carry the message from the brain to the parts of the body. When a defect in a motor neuron is diagnosed, it becomes crucial for the individual to consult an orthotic consultant so that the disorder can be minimized at the very stage. The most common disorders that occur as a result of disorders in lower motor neurons are: traumatic peripheral nerve lesions and neuromuscular disorders. The disorders related to the upper motor neurons are often regarded as stroke and vertebral palsy. These disorders are commonly as chronic conditions like poliomyelitis etc. these are the most usual type of disorders the result due to orthotics in neurology and to cure such abnormalities at mild stage or at developed stage, neurologist, psychiatrist or orthotics expert must be consulted (Houlden, Charlton, Singh, 2007). Explanation To overcome the diseases of orthotics, an appropriate diagnosis is needed to avoid extreme consequences of disorders. To get the disorders diagnosed at initial stages, it is recommended to get regular electro-diagnostic investigations, radiological and routine blood tests. Moreover, genetic testing is most commonly used and positive results will give the assurance of negligence offensive procedures. Disorders The most common disorders that are diagnosed as a result of orthotics in neurology are given as follows: Posture and Gait: Such kind of disorders of neuromuscular relates to the typical patterns of muscular movements such as ataxic and waddling gait, high stoppage gait, drop foot gait and spastic gait (Houlden, Charlton, Singh, 2007). Deformity: These disorders occur when muscles get weak; it results in instability in joints. The most common consequences are limb floppy and flail which results in balanced paralysis. This is most common when one of the muscles become weak in a group of muscles and loses its strength to carry out functions of controlling the movements and locomotion in the body. The deformity is surely curable when it is diagnosed in the initial stages (Houlden, Charlton, Singh, 2007). Muscle Weakness: This is caused due to disorders in the lower or upper motor muscle disorder and neurons lesions (Houlden, Charlton, Singh, 2007). Contractures and Spasticity: These are the most frequently occurring orthotics disorders found in the neurology, they are mainly caused due to any defect incurred in the upper motor neuron lesions. It results in the contraction of muscles of no proper treatment is done on time. The exercise recommended for its cure is muscles stretching. The contractures result due to disorders in lower neuron as well. Spasticity is painful which can damage the activities of daily routine. Sensory problems: These are major symptoms of pain and may result into extreme consequences of disorders in neuropathic joints, ulcers and pressure sores etc. Autonomic Functions: These are the disorders in involuntary functioning of the system of an individual. They can be recurring in nature and highly disabling as they result from the abnormality of high sweating, sphincter control, increased or decreased heartbeat or pulse rate and unstable blood pressure etc. (Houlden, Charlton, Singh, 2007). Treatment For the purpose of treatment of such abnormalities in the human body, it is essential to consult an orthotics consultant, physician, neurologist or pharmaceutical clinical staff that can help minimizing the disorders experienced by the individual. The main emphasis of treatment order is considered steady and long term in which patient is diagnosed on the regular basis and certain physical exercises with the adequate dose of medicine are prescribed. This results in steady improvement in the neurons of the patient as in case of neurology abrupt and intense treatments are used rarely only when there is no option left because treating the neurons is recommended for a lighter and ongoing process which reduces the symptoms of disease and minimizes intensity of disorders (Wade, 2013). The physical exercises are highly recommended in case of orthotics disorders. The exercises may include stretching of uses every now and then, this increases the flow of blood circulation to the muscles and also improves the ability of neurons to receive and send orders from and to the brain in an effective manner. This eliminates the possibility of any disorder caused due to lack of functioning of the muscles. A process called self-management is majorly recommended to all those who seek ways to overcome orthotics in neurology. This relates to managing the stability of functioning of neurons by your own self. The management can be done by scheduling the routines of exercising in order to improve both physical and mental health. The stretching of muscles and continuous routine of running, jogging or walk helps in reducing the chances of abnormalities or disorder problems related to heart, brain, and muscles. This is because medicine merely is a formula that dissolves in the blood and improves the functioning. But exercise is a continuous process that keeps the muscles of body in function which increases circulation of blood, improves heartbeat and pulse rate, enhances the efficiency of neurons ability to receive and send messages of brain, advances the reflex action and controllability element in the human body. Thus, the foremost suggested way to overcome orthotics disorders is to maintain a routine of exercise. Even after exercising the neuron shows disorders as a side effect of any other disease then the dose of proper medicine must be scheduled (Wade, 2013). Causes These disorders are often caused by consuming drugs or alcoholic products. The overuse of such drugs highly affects the neurons and make them damage or causes the cells of the nervous system to die which results in disability or malfunctioning of neurons. The other causes can be irregular eating habits, consumption of carbonated drinks or high intake of junk food etc. all these products affects directly or indirectly to the neurons which may cause the disability in their functioning. Sometimes, orthotics can be caused by being overweight or underweight which exerts high pressure on the brain and thus the neurons are adversely affected. In few cases, such disabilities are found genetic in the individual who may or may not be diagnosed in early age but becomes prominent when the person reaches maturity (Wade, 2013). Conclusion Orthotics in neurology has an overall impact on the entire human body, its structure, and systems and the neurology holds and controls all the functioning of an organism. The disorders of orthotics are controllable if proper exercise is made mandatory in the daily routine. Alongside, regular checkups of blood pressure and pulse rate etc. are recommended to get notices of any disorder incurred in the neurons of the body. A periodic meeting with the clinician must be scheduled to get noticed of every change being occurring in the system. Further, to avoid such disorder healthy diets are suggested with the minimal use of drugs and related items. All these help the body to maintain its normality. On the whole, healthy activities with healthy food are suggested to overcome the chances of orthotics in neurology as its occurrence can be dangerous for health. Bibliography Houlden, H., Charlton, P., Singh, D. (2007). Neurology and Orthopaedics. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 78(3), 224–232. Retrived from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2117631/ Wade, D. T. (2013). Stroke rehabilitation: the evidence. In: Greenwood RJ, Barnes MP, McMillan TM, Ward CD, eds. Handbook of neurological rehabilitation, 7-25.